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The Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н, tr. Respublika Bashkortostan; IPA: ; Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы, Başqortostan Respublikahı), also known as Bashkiria (Russian: Башки́рия, tr. Bashkiriya; IPA: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. Its capital is the city of Ufa. With the population of 4,072,292 as of the 2010 Census, Bashkortostan is the most populous of the republics in Russia.[10]
Established in 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917 as Bashkurdistan, the first national autonomy in Russia.[4][5][16] In 23 March 1919 it was transformed to Bashkir ASSR,[17] the first Autonomous Soviet Republic in RSFSR.[17] Also Bashkortostan is the first formed republic in modern Russia.
In accordance with Constitution of Bashkortostan and Russian Federation Constitution Republic is a state (country), but has no sovereignty.[18][19] On 11 October 1990 Bashkortostan adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, but subsequently abandoned it. 11 October is a Republic Day in Bashkortostan.
The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbor the Republic of Tatarstan.[20][21][22]
The name "Bashkortostan" derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group, also known as Bashkorts. The root of the name is a Turkic ("baş" in Turkish means "head, chief, principal"), and the Persian suffix -stan is common to many Eurasian country-names. They speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kypchak branch of the Turkic languages.
The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons, and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.
Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people — the Bashkirs. The Russian (Slavonic) name of the country — Bashkiriya — formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir’, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The first written references to Bashkir tribes appear in compositions of Herodotus (5th century BCE). The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 9th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube river, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik river".
Cave paintings in the Shulgan-Tash
Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building
Bashkirs near Hamburg during the Napoleonic Wars, c. 1813
The Red Army cavalry unit, made up of Bashkirs, Russian Civil War, 1919
After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.
Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established— an indication that the tsarist Government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865— another step towards territorial identification.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) was established on March 23, 1919;[24] first as Little Bashkortostan; eventually all of Ufa Governorate became incorporated into the newly established republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights— the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.
The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining, machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.
On October 11, 1990 the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the Declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On February 25, 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.
On March 31, 1992, a
Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.
Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan
Atysh waterfall
Bashkir horses near Yakty-Kul lake
Autumn Yamantau
There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.
Major rivers include:
There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:
The republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:
The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and was one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).
The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petro-chemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.
Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumenosity. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plants growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.
Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometers (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometers (3,900 sq mi).
Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.
The Republic includes 54 districts, 21 cities and 4,586 rural localities.
The 20 most populous Bashkortostan cities and towns.[25]
29.36% of Bashkortostan population lives in Ufa and Ufimsky district. 61.69% of population lives in urban areas (2015).
The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 title was called President[26]), who is elected by the people for a four-year term. According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country's people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law and order within its territory.
OSCE for exhibiting "elements of basic fraud."
The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 120 deputies.
The Republic's Constitution was adopted on December 24, 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.
The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments), and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, district Courts, and justices of the peace.
In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory.
The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".
The state has strong ties with its neighbor Tatarstan.[27][28]
Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its gross regional output, volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.
The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides and plastics.
The republic's gross regional product in 2014 was 1 trillion 343.9 billion rubles,[29] 9th place. State has a positive trade balance, 13.7 $ billion of export and 1.2 $ billion of import (2013).[30] Republic occupies the first place in Russia by share of profitable enterprises, 82.9% of enterprises are profitable,[31] the average value for Russia is 68.42%. Bashkortostan recognized as a subject with the lowest economic risk.[32][33]
Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,[34] has a developed electric power industry[35] and tourism.[36]
According to Forbes the capital of republic, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with population over one million (2013).[37]
structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.[38]
Ka-31 helicopter, produced in Kumertau
DT-30 amphibious ATV, made in Ishimbay
AL-41F1 engine for PAK FA fifth-generation fighter and Su-35S, produced in Ufa
Nefaz-VDL bus of Neftekamsk Automotive Plant
Note: Total fertility rate 200-12 source.[41]
According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:[10]
Religion in Bashkortostan (2012)[43][44]
Islam is adhered to by a plurality of the nation's population[45] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.
Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.[46]
According to a 2012 official survey[43] 38% of the population of Bashkortostan is Muslim, 25.2% adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% adheres to other Orthodox Churches, and 2% adheres to Slavic Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism), the Mari Traditional Religion, or Tengrism. In addition, 15% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is atheist, and 7.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[43]
For 2010, there are over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,[47] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.[48]
Spoken languages: Russian (50%), Tatar (30%), Bashkir (20%).[49]
KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Russian Major League team Toros Neftekamsk, and Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa.
About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is under way at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.
The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).
In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.
Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.
Bashkortostan is one of the largest cultural centers of Russia.
In addition, Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.
The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected, with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.
Russia, Moscow, World War II, Saint Petersburg, Ice Hockey
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Ukrainian language, Soviet Union
Ukraine, India, China, Turkey, United Kingdom
Ә, Russia, Bashkortostan, Turkic languages, Russian language
Quran, Arabic language, God, Muhammad, Shia Islam
Tyumen Oblast, Moscow, Krasnodar Krai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Moscow Oblast
Kazakhstan, Kirov Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Ukraine, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Bashkortostan, Russia, Tatarstan, Russian language, Belaya River (Kama basin)
Turkic languages, Indo-European languages, Uralic languages, Northeast Caucasian languages, Tungusic languages