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The numerals and derived numbers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. The following article lists and discusses their hypothesized forms.
Other reconstructions typically differ only slightly from Beekes and Sihler. A nineteenth century reconstruction (by Brugmann) for thousand is *tūsḱmtiə.[3][4] See also Fortson 2004.[5]
The elements *-dḱomt- (in the numerals "twenty" to "ninety") and *dḱm̥t- (in "hundred") are reconstructed on the assumption that these numerals are derivatives of *deḱm̥(t) "ten".
Lehmann[6] believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed separately in the dialects groups and that *ḱm̥tóm originally meant "a large number" rather than specifically "one hundred."
The numbers three and four had feminine forms with the suffix *-s(o)r-, reconstructed as *t(r)i-sr- and *kʷetwr̥-sr-, respectively.[5]
The ordinal numbers are difficult to reconstruct due to their variety in the daughter languages. The following reconstructions are tentative:[8]
The cardinals ending in a syllabic nasal (seven, nine, ten) inserted a second nasal before the thematic vowel, resulting in the suffixes *-mó- and *-nó-. These and the suffix *-t(ó)- spread to neighbouring ordinals, seen for example in Vedic aṣṭamá- "eighth" and Lithuanian deviñtas "ninth".
Reflexes, or descendants of the PIE reconstructed forms in its daughter languages, include the following.
In the following languages, reflexes separated by slashes mean:
Latin literature, Romance languages, Ancient Rome, Rome, Ecclesiastical Latin
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Ukrainian language, Soviet Union
Lithuania, Proto-Indo-European language, Indo-European languages, Baltic languages, European Union
United Kingdom, Germanic languages, British Empire, Angles, West Germanic languages
Isle of Man, Manx language, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Celtic languages
Paleo-Balkan languages, Northwest Caucasian languages, Anatolian languages, Indo-European ablaut, Laryngeal theory
Proto-Indo-European language, Germanic languages, Indo-European languages, Celtic languages, Greek language
Proto-Indo-European language, Chalcolithic, Ukraine, Russia, Kurgan hypothesis
Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Technology, Prehistory, Tally marks